man manual-page
— the manual page usually goes by the same name as the command whose documentation is sought. For example, to learn about the possible options for the cp
command, you would type the man cp
command at the shell prompt (see sidebar 基本知识 命令行解析器 - Shell).
read
command has the same name as the read
system call. This is why manual pages are organized in numbered sections:
/dev/
directory);
read
的文档时,你可以键入man 2 read
。如果不指定具体的分类数字(section),系统则会从小到大获取第一个数字作为默认值。因此直接输入man shadow
的时候,由于在分类页面1-4都没有这个命令的手册页面,系统就会返回 shadow(5)的文档内容。
apropos
command, which helps you conduct a search in the manual pages, or more specifically in their short descriptions. Each manual page begins essentially with a one line summary. apropos
returns a list of manual pages whose summary mentions the requested keyword(s). If you choose them well, you will find the name of the command that you need.
例 7.1. 通过apropos
查找 cp
$
apropos "copy file"
cp (1) - copy files and directories cpio (1) - copy files to and from archives gvfs-copy (1) - Copy files gvfs-move (1) - Copy files hcopy (1) - copy files from or to an HFS volume install (1) - copy files and set attributes ntfscp (8) - copy file to an NTFS volume.
man
这个命令可以用来查看手册页面,在KDE环境中也可以使用konqueror
,在GNOME当中可以用yelp
命令,均可实现相同功能。而用 man2html
软件包甚至能提供手册页面的web接口,允许你通过网页浏览器来浏览手册页面。使用方法是在已经安装了这个软件包的计算机上浏览这个连接
info
) is also slightly more complex. You would be well advised to use pinfo
instead (from the pinfo package).
pinfo
without parameters, it will display a list of the nodes available at the first level. Usually, nodes bear the name of the corresponding commands.
pinfo
navigating between these nodes is easy to achieve with the arrow keys. Alternatively, you could also use a graphical browser, which is a lot more user-friendly. Again, konqueror
and yelp
work; the info2www
also provides a web interface.
man
page system. info documents are thus almost always in English. However, when you ask the pinfo
program to display a non-existing info page, it will fall back on the man page by the same name (if it exists), which might be translated.
README
文件,里面包含了有趣并且(或者)重要的信息。这些文档通常会被安装在/usr/share/doc/package/
目录(这里的 package 代表软件包的名字)。当文件特别巨大的情况下,这些文档不会包含在程序的主包当众,而是另外提供一个通常以 package-doc
的包名格式另外提供一个软件包。通过主包名称通常都能很快找到文档包。
/usr/share/doc/package/
directory also contains some files provided by Debian which complete the documentation by specifying the package's particularities or improvements compared to a traditional installation of the software. The README.Debian
file also indicates all of the adaptations that were made to comply with the Debian Policy. The changelog.Debian.gz
file allows the user to follow the modifications made to the package over time: it is very useful to try to understand what has changed between two installed versions that do not have the same behavior. Finally, there is sometimes a NEWS.Debian.gz
file which documents the major changes in the program that may directly concern the administrator.
debian
to limit results and target relevant information.
Homepage
field in the package's meta-information (apt-cache show package
). Alternately, the package description may contain a link to the program's official website. If no URL is indicated, look at /usr/share/doc/package/copyright
. The Debian maintainer generally indicates in this file where they got the program's source code, and this is likely to be the website that you need to find. If at this stage your search is still unfruitful, consult a free software directory, such as FSF's Free Software Directory, or search directly with a search engine, such as Google, DuckDuckGo, Yahoo, etc.